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2014/11/2 医学生

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     Monocular

     [m?'n?kj?l?]

     adj. 单眼的；单眼用的

     n. 单筒望远镜。

    

    词根

     mono- =uni表示“单个”

     monoclonal单克隆的；单细胞繁殖的

     monolayer 单层的

    

    词组

     monocular deprivation

     单眼剥夺

     monocular strabismus

     单眼斜视

     monocular nystagmus

     单眼震颤

     monocular vision

     单眼视觉

    

    例句

     · Monoculardiplopia is partly resulted from operative complication.

     · 单眼复视多为手术并发症所致。

     来源：dj.iciba.com

    

     Question肖锋翻译和整理

     Cardiovascularcollapse is common in severe anaphylaxis resulting from decreased preload andrelative hypovolemia of up to 37% of circulating blood volume. What is theunderlying mechanism?

     在严重的过敏反应中，由于前负荷的降低和高达相当于37%循环血容量的相对减低导致的心血管功能衰竭是常见的。其作用机制是什么？

     AnswerVasodilation andincreased capillary permeability, causing decreased preload and relativehypovolemia of up to 37% of circulating blood volume, can rapidly lead tocardiac arrest.

     血管扩张和毛细血管通透性增加，导致前负荷的降低和高达相当于37%循环血容量的相对减低，可快速诱导心脏骤停(Circulation, 2010;122: S829)。

    

     Journal

     Maternalpropensity for infections and risk of childhood asthma: a registry-based cohortstudy.

     孕期使用抗生素与儿童患哮喘的风险

     Jakob StokJakob Stokholm,Astrid Sevelsted ,Klaus B?nnelykke ,Hans Bisgaard

     Lancet Respir Med

     2014-07-24

     索引：Lancet Respir Med 2014 Jul;

     中文摘要来源：医纬达

     BACKGROUND

     Maternal use of antibiotics during pregnancy has been associated with thedevelopment of asthmatic disorders in the offspring. The human microbiome hasbeen suggested to act as an intermediary in this process. To provideclarification on this theory, we studied the temporal relation between maternaluse of antibiotics and the risk of childhood asthma.

     METHODS

     According to national registries, during the observation period (1997-2010),910?301 children were born in Denmark and were included in the analysis. Fromthese registries, data for cases of childhood asthma were obtained based onhospital admissions, outpatient attendance at a hospital, or use of inhaledcorticosteroids. The effect of timing of maternal antibiotic use on the risk ofasthma in the offspring was studied by analysis of maternal antibiotic use inthe 80 weeks before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and the 80 weeks after pregnancy.Results were adjusted for age and calendar year, birthweight, gestational age,sex, mode of delivery, parity, multiple births, season of birth, and severalmaternal factors (age, smoking during pregnancy, employment status, andasthma).

     FINDINGS

     In this study, we replicated our previous finding that maternal use ofantibiotics in pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of childhoodasthma: the adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) was 1·24 (95% CI 1·18-1·30)for inpatient admission, 1·22 (1·18-1·26) for outpatient attendance, and 1·18(1·15-1·20) for inhaled corticosteroid use. A similar and independentassociation was also recorded for maternal antibiotic use in the 80 weeksbefore and after the pregnancy. A dose-related association occurred between therisk of childhood asthma and the number of maternal antibiotic treatments andwas recorded separately for antibiotic treatment for respiratory tractinfections and for other types of infections.

     INTERPRETATION

     Maternal use of antibiotics has a dose-related association with the risk ofasthma in the offspring, but this association is independent of the temporalrelationship with the pregnancy period. This finding suggests that maternalantibiotic use is a surrogate marker of a mother's general propensity forinfections as the underlying link between a mother's use of antibiotics andrisk of asthma in the offspring.

    

     背景资料

     孕期使用抗生素与后代发生哮喘有关联。人体微生物在此过程中充当媒介。 为了阐释这一理论，我们研究了孕期母体使用抗生素与儿童患哮喘的风险之间的关系。

     方法

     根据全国性登记信息，在观察期间(1997 年 - 2010年)，本项分析纳入了在丹麦出生的 910,301 名儿童。 在这些登记信息中，由住院，医院门诊或使用吸入式糖皮质激素获取儿童哮喘病例的数据。通过分析怀孕前 80周、怀孕期间以及怀孕后 80 周使用抗生素的情况，研究了孕妇抗生素使用时机与后代患哮喘的风险效应。结果根据年龄和日历年、出生体重、胎龄、性别、分娩方式、产次、多胞胎、出生季节以及一些孕期母体因素(年龄、怀孕期间吸烟、就业状况以及哮喘)进行了调整。

     研究结果

     在本研究中，我们复现了之前的研究结果，孕期母体使用抗生素与儿童患哮喘风险增加相关：住院病人中，调整后的发病率(aIRR)为1·24 (95% CI 1·18—1·30)，门诊为1·22 (1·18—1·26)，吸入式皮质类固醇为1·18 (1·15—1·20)。 在怀孕前 80 周和怀孕后 80 周，母体使用抗生素也记录到了类似且独立的相关性。儿童患哮喘的风险和孕期母体使用抗生素治疗的次数之间存在剂量关系，呼吸道感染和其他类型感染的抗生素治疗分别作了记录。

     解读

     孕期母体使用抗生素与后代患哮喘的风险存在剂量相关性，但是这种关系与妊娠期的时间关系是独立的。该项发现表明，孕期母体使用抗生素是母亲一般感染倾向的替代标记，母亲使用抗生素与后代患哮喘风险之间存在潜在联系。

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