Medical English | Day4
2014/11/4 医学生

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     hemisphere

     ['hem?sf?]

     n. 半球

     词根hemi- /semi-=half表示“一半”， “一边”

     hemispherical 半球的；半球状的

     hemispheric 半球的，半球形状的

     semilunar 半月形的

     词组dominant hemisphere优势半球；优势大脑半球

     left hemisphere左半球；大脑左半球

     hemisphere cerebellar小脑半球

     例句Because language centers are smaller, and only located in one hemisphere, this puts males more at risk for language disorders like dyslexia.

     因为语言中心更小，只位于一个半球，这也使男性陷入如失语症等语言紊乱的危险中。

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     Question肖锋翻译和整理

     Can ovarian torsion occur during pregnancy?

     怀孕期间可能发生卵巢扭转吗？

     AnswerUp to 1/5 of ovarian torsion occurs during pregnancy. Ovarian torsion is most common in the 1st trimester; torsion early in pregnancy seems to increase the risk for recurrence at a later gestational age.

     大概有五分之一的卵巢扭转发生在怀孕期间。卵巢扭转最常发生在妊娠第一阶段；怀孕早期扭转似乎会增加在以后妊期中复发的风险(JEM, Vol. 45, pg.348)。

    

     Assessing the association of early life antibiotic prescription with asthma exacerbations, impaired antiviral immunity, and genetic variants in 17q21: a population-based birth cohort study.

     幼年使用抗生素可能与哮喘存在关联

     Aida Semic-Jusufagic ,Danielle Belgrave ,Andrew Pickles ,Aurica G Telcian ,Eteri Bakhsoliani ,Annemarie Sykes

     Lancet Respir Med

     2014-05-14

     索引：Lancet Respir Med.2014 May 14;

     中文摘要来源：医纬达

     BACKGROUND

     The relationship between early-life antibiotic use and the development of wheeze and asthma has been reported in several studies but might arise as a consequence of bias rather than causal relationship. We investigated the association between antibiotic prescription and subsequent development of atopy, wheeze, and asthma exacerbations, and the relation of early life antibiotic prescription with anti-infective immunity and genetic variants on asthma susceptibility locus 17q21.

     。

     METHODS

     Children in a population-based birth cohort were followed from birth to age 11 years. Information on antibiotic prescription, wheeze, and asthma exacerbations was extracted from medical records, and the effect of antibiotic prescription assessed with longitudinal analyses. We assessed immune responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, taken at age 11 years, to viruses (rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus; RSV) and bacteria (Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae) in children who either received at least one or no antibiotic prescriptions in infancy. Finally, we assessed the association of 17q21 polymorphisms with antibiotic prescription.

     FINDINGS

     Of 984 families who gave consent, we extracted data for 916 children. We noted significantly higher risk of physician-confirmed wheezing after antibiotic prescription (hazard ratio [HR] 1·71, 95% CI 1·32-2·23; p<0·0001) and severe wheeze or asthma exacerbation after antibiotic prescription (HR 2·26, 95% CI 1·03-4·94; p=0·041). In children who wheezed, the hazards of exacerbations (2·09, 1·51-2·90; p<0·0001) and admissions to hospital (2·64, 1·49-4·70; p=0·0009) were significantly increased in the 2 years after the first antibiotic prescription. Children who received antibiotics in infancy had significantly lower induction of cytokines, which are important in host defence against virus infections to both RSV and rhinovirus; there were no differences in antibacterial responses. Variants in 17q21 were associated with an increased risk of early life antibiotic prescription.

     INTERPRETATION

     The association between antibiotics and asthma might arise through a complex confounding by indication. Hidden factors that may increase the likelihood of both early life antibiotic prescription and later asthma are an increased susceptibility to viral infections consequent upon impaired antiviral immunity and genetic variants on 17q21.

     背景资料

     多项研究已报告称，幼年使用抗生素可能与发生哮鸣和哮喘有关联，但也可能是偏差而非因果关系导致的后果。 我们调查了抗生素处方与后续发生特异反应、哮鸣和哮喘加重之间的关联性，以及幼年抗生素处方与抗感染免疫性和哮喘易感基因座 17q21 遗传变异间的关系。

     方法

     对基于人群出生组的儿童从出生至 11 岁进行了跟进调查。 从病历中提取了有关抗生素处方、哮鸣和哮喘加重的信息，并用纵向分析对抗生素处方的效应进行了评估。 我们评估了在婴儿期使用了至少一次或未使用抗生素处方儿童在 11 岁时采集的外周血单核细胞对各种病毒(鼻病毒和呼吸道合胞体病毒；RSV)和细菌(流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌)的免疫反应。 最后，我们评估了 17q21 多态性与抗生素处方间的关联性。

     研究结果

     在同意参与跟进调查的 984 个家庭中，我们提取了 916 名儿童的数据。 我们发现，在使用抗生素处方后，出现经医生确认的哮鸣(风险比 [HR] 1·71，95% CI 1·32—2·23；p<0·0001)和重度哮鸣或哮喘加重(HR 2·26，95% CI 1·03—4·94；p=0·041)的风险显著较高。 在出现哮鸣的儿童中，在首次抗生素处方 2 年后，加重(2·09, 1·51—2·90；p<0·0001)和入院(2·64，1·49—4·70；p=0·0009)的危害明显升高。 在婴儿期使用过抗生素的儿童细胞因子诱导明显较低，该诱导对宿主防御 RSV 病毒和鼻病毒的感染很重要；而在抗菌反应方面无差别。 17q21 的变异与幼年抗生素处方风险增加有关联。

     解读

     抗生素和哮喘间的关系或许是因为适应症的复杂混杂导致的。 幼年抗生素处方以及其后患哮喘几率增加的隐匿因素是，由于抗病毒免疫力受损和 17q21 位点遗传变异导致病毒感染的易感性升高。

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