Medical English | Day26
2014/12/5 医学生

     endoscope

     ['end?sk?p]

     n. [临床] 内窥镜;内诊镜

     词根end/o-表示内,endogeneity 内生性

     endothermic 吸热的;温血的

     词组Endoscope room内镜室;窥镜室

     needle endoscope针状内窥镜

     ultrasonic endoscope超声内镜

     optic endoscope纤维光束内窥镜

     lacrimal endoscope泪道内窥镜

     例句You will be laid on your side or back in a comfortable position as the endoscope is gently passed through your mouth and into your esophagus, stomach and duodenum.

     当你找到一个舒服的正卧或侧卧姿势躺好后,医务人员会从你的口轻轻放入内视镜。 内视镜通过口、食管,到达胃和十二指肠。

     article.yeeyan.org

     Question肖锋 翻译和整理

     What is the estimated probability of acquiring HIV from a known HIV-infected source from a needle stick exposure? After a mucous membrane exposure?

     从已知的艾滋病病毒感染源经针头刺到后感染HIV的概率估计是多少?经过粘膜暴露后又是多少?

     AnswerThe mean risk following an occupational percutaneous exposure is roughly 1 in 300 (0.3%). After a mucous membrane exposure, the average risk of seroconversion is about 9 in 10,000 (0.09%).

     平均风险下的在职业性经皮暴露后平均风险大约是三百分之一(0.3%)。经过粘膜暴露后平均血清转换风险约为一万分之九(0.09%)(NYS Dept of Health AIDS Institute PEP Guidelines, 10/14)。

     Effect of postoperative antibiotic administration on postoperative infection following cholecystectomy for acute calculous cholecystitis: a randomized clinical trial.

     胆囊切除术后使用抗生素不降低感染发生风险Jean Marc Regimbeau ,David Fuks ,Karine Pautrat ,Francois Mauvais ,Vincent Haccart ,Simon Msika

     美国医学会杂志(JAMA)

     2014-07-09

     索引:JAMA 2014 Jul;312(2):145-54

     中文摘要来源:丁香园

     IMPORTANCE

     Ninety percent of cases of acute calculous cholecystitis are of mild (grade I) or moderate (grade II) severity. Although the preoperative and intraoperative antibiotic management of acute calculous cholecystitis has been standardized, few data exist on the utility of postoperative antibiotic treatment.

     OBJECTIVE

     To determine the effect of postoperative amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid on infection rates after cholecystectomy.

     DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS

     A total of 414 patients treated at 17 medical centers for grade I or II acute calculous cholecystitis and who received 2 g of amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid 3 times a day while in the hospital before and once at the time of surgery were randomized after surgery to an open-label, noninferiority, randomized clinical trial between May 2010 and August 2012.

     INTERVENTIONS

     After surgery, no antibiotics or continue with the preoperative antibioticregimen 3 times daily for 5 days.

     MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

     The proportion of postoperative surgical site or distant infections recordedbefore or at the 4-week follow-up visit.

     RESULTS

     An imputed intention-to-treat analysis of 414 patients showed that the postoperative infection rates were 17% (35 of 207) in the nontreatment group and 15% (31 of 207) in the antibiotic group (absolute difference, 1.93%; 95% CI, -8.98% to 5.12%). In the per-protocol analysis, which involved 338 patients, the corresponding rates were both 13% (absolute difference, 0.3%; 95% CI, -5.0% to 6.3%). Based on a noninferiority margin of 11%, the lack of postoperative antibiotic treatment was not associated with worse outcomes than antibiotic treatment. Bile cultures showed that 60.9% were pathogen free. Both groups had similar Clavien complication severity outcomes: 195 patients (94.2%) in the nontreatment group had a score of 0 to I and 2 patients (0.97%) had a score of III to V, and 182 patients (87.8%) in the antibiotic group had a score of 0 to I and 4 patients (1.93%) had a score of III to V.

     CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

     Among patients with mild or moderate calculous cholecystitis who received preoperative and intraoperative antibiotics, lack of postoperative treatment with amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid did not result in a greater incidence of postoperative infections.

     法国亚眠大学 Jean-Marc Regimbeau 博士等进行了一项随机临床试验,结果发现,胆囊切除术后使用阿莫西林克拉维酸与否,实际感染率几乎相同,即胆囊切除术后使用抗生素并不降低感染风险。该结果发表在 7 月 9 日 Journal of the American Medical Association 上。MedPage Today 网站对此进行了报道,现将主要内容编译如下。

     现有临床指南推荐,胆囊切除术前和术后应使用抗生素数天以预防感染发生。而这一新的发现不禁使人们对若干相关指南提出了质疑。

     Regimbeau 博士等表示,试验中他们观察了急性结石性胆囊炎 I 级或 II 级患者给予术后抗生素后效果,结果并未发现该干预措施对降低感染率有何益处。

     急性结石性胆囊炎是急诊入院手术的常见原因之一,在美国每 3 例急诊手术患者中就会出现 1 例此类病例;美国每年行胆囊切除术有 750000 例,其中约有 1/5 的患者是因为急性结石性胆囊炎而接受的胆囊切除。

     美国感染病学会、世界急诊外科学会及 2006 东京指南中,都分别提到了推荐无并发症患者术后预防性应用阿莫西林克拉维酸或舒巴坦。

     Regimbeau 等指出,尽管指南推荐如此,但是目前尚缺乏临床对照试验证实预防性应用抗生素对这类患者有益。

     为了弥补指南这一缺陷,Regimbeau 等进行了一项开放标签(非盲)的、非劣效性临床试验。2010 年5 月至 2012 年 8 月期间共招募 414 例研究对象,这些患者分别是来自法国 17 个医学中心的急性结石性胆囊炎 I 或 II 级患者,并且在胆囊切除术前和术中接受了阿莫西林克拉维酸治疗。

     研究人员将受试者随机分配到术后继续使用抗生素 5 天组(实验组)或停止用药组(对照组)。观察的主要预后指标包括,随访过程中 4 周之前或 4 周时手术部位或远处的感染率。研究人员强调,如果两组间绝对差值的 95% 置信区间小于 11%,那就意味着实验组疗效为非劣效性。

     试验观察结果显示,两组总共出现了 66 例术后感染病例,其中术后抗生素治疗组和非治疗组分别出现 31 例和 35 例;意向性治疗分析结果显示,两组感染率分别为 15% 和 17%,绝对差 1.93%。该差异的 95%置信区间范围为 8.98%至 5.12%,因此,该范围上限值低于预期的非劣效性标准 11%。

     338 例患者符合方案数据分析显示,两组的感染率为 13%,并且 95%的置信区间上限仍低于 11%。

     Regimbeau 等评价该试验时认为,由于设计上对照组缺乏安慰剂治疗且并非盲法设计,因此有可能会降低该试验主要观察预后结果的可靠性以及两组的可对比性。

     辛辛那提大学医学院 Joseph Solomkin 博士对此发表评论表示,该研究优点在于为临床提供了重要新的循证医学依据,敦促外科医生更仔细尽心地完成胆囊切除术;但该研究同时也存在着许多外科临床试验一个共同的缺陷,即缺乏盲法试验设计。

     Solomkin 博士认为,非盲法设计的试验有可能导致出现若干形式的偏倚,从而影响到预后观察指标,尽管该试验中 Regimbeau 等采取了一些措施尽量减少这种潜在影响作用。

     Solomkin 同时也表示,即使盲法试验设计实际上有时不大可行,但类似的临床随机试验在为临床实践指南提供循证医学证据方面功不可没。

     Solomkin 最后总结认为,Regimbeau 等的这项试验发现为临床提供了“有用的证据”,有助于对胆囊切除术患者制订规范治疗方案。

     文献更多内容点击阅读原文

     阅读原文

    http://www.duyihua.cn
返回 医学生 返回首页 返回百拇医药